Defining such clusters of eight orthologous genes (three from the hexaploid, two from the tetraploid and one from each of the three diploids) allows us to assess the transmission of mutations during evolution from the diploid to the tetraploid and finally to the hexaploid, ultimately defining homoeoSNPs between the A, B and D subgenomes. Wheat evolution mapped Wheat gene pools changed in part due to socio-economic factors. prone to the observed mutation accumulation). Tracing the ancestry of modern bread wheats. From the latest version of the hexaploid wheat genome survey sequence (IWGSC, 2014), consisting of 99 386 gene models (10.2 Mb with 10.8 million scaffolds; Borrill et al., 2015), we produced the most accurate wheat syntenic (also termed ‘computed’; Pont et al., 2011, 2013) gene order. The availability of such a ploidy-reversed wheat (extracted tetraploid wheat [ETW]) provides a unique opportunity to address whether and to what extent the BBAA component of bread wheat has been modified in phenotype, karyotype, and gene expression during its evolutionary history at the allohexaploid level. The breakthrough of sequencing the bread wheat genome and progenitor genomes lays the foundation to decipher the complexity of wheat origin and evolutionary process as well as the genetic consequences of polyploidization. (pages 1046–1056) provide insights into the evolution of domesticated wheat through large-scale morphometric and quantitative trait analyses of several recombinant doubled haploid populations of elite winter wheat and a comparison of grain material from primitive wheat species and modern elite varieties. Published: May 29, 2019 News. Of the six sets of chromosomes, two come from Triticum urartu (einkorn wheat) and two from Aegilops speltoides. The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. A large number of QTL with dispersed effects between the parents were identified and were consistent with independent inheritance of grain size and shape parameters. Such subgenome dominance following polyploidization has been reported in Arabidopsis (Thomas et al., 2006), maize (Zea mays) (Woodhouse et al., 2010; Schnable et al., 2012a,b), and Brassica (Cheng et al., 2012). It evolved in the northern ecogeographical region of the upper Jordan River in the eastern Upper Galilee Mountains and Golan Heights. This spontaneous hybridisation created the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum (durum wheat) 580,000–820,000 years ago. Illustration of paleohistory of hexaploid bread wheat from ancestor genome A (Anc. Molecular comparisons at the whole‐genome level using germplasm collections have shown that the B subgenome from hexaploid wheat could be related to several A. speltoides lines but not to other species of the Sitopsis section (Salina et al., 2006; Kilian et al., 2007). 1a, circle 3), which probably represents the most accurate wheat reference genome available until complete pseudomolecules are publicly released for the 21 chromosomes. The hybridization of the A and B ancestors as proposed in those studies does not entirely explain the origin of the modern D subgenome of hexaploid bread wheat that also derived from a specific D progenitor independent from A and B ancestors (Li et al., 2015a,b). Precise investigation of the TSD, proof of TE insertion event and then unambiguously rejecting TE excision, established that 16, 43 and 36 insertions are associated with TSDs and shared between, respectively, the A/B, A/D and B/D subgenomes. This suggests a more ancient origin of the B progenitor (84% of B homoeoSNPs acquired between 2x and 4x) compared with the A progenitor (61% of A homoeoSNPs acquired between 2x and 4x), or, more precisely, a more ancient speciation between A. speltoides (2x)/B subgenome (6x and 4x) compared with T. urartu (2x)/A subgenome (6x and 4x). tauschii. tauschii underwent rapid selective evolution prior to combining with tetraploid wheat. This work has been supported by grants from INRA (‘Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, ref: ‘Appel d'Offre Front de Science’ projet TransWHEAT), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (program ANR Blanc‐PAGE, ref: ANR‐2011‐BSV6‐00801), the Agreenskills program (‘TransGRAIN’, session 2014, ID: 459) and the ‘Région Auvergne, Allocation de recherche Territoire, Agriculture, Alimentation, Nutrition et Santé Humaine’ (contract no. A particular pattern of mutation accumulation has thus been observed in the B subgenome, presented previously as proof of a more ancient origin of the B progenitor, or more precisely an ancient speciation between the B subgenome in the tetraploid/hexaploid and A. speltoides (considered as a modern representative of AncB). durum (AABB genome) and Aegilops tauschii (DD genome) 10 000 yr ago, forming the modern hexaploid bread wheat … By German Research Center for Environmental Health. Alignment of the 72 900 ordered genes from the wheat syntenome allowed us to identify 8671 robust homoeologous gene triplets (i.e. The genetic map is then enriched in syntenic (ancestral) genes intercalated between molecular markers, that is, the syntenome (Salse, 2013). The second neohexaploidization event (< 0.3 Ma) led potentially to a supra‐dominance where the tetraploid became sensitive (subgenomes A and B) and the D subgenome dominant (i.e. To bridge this gap, we analyzed spatial varietal and genetic diversity of bread wheat in France – an important production area – over the 1980–2006 period at a yearly time step and a district scale, i.e. The origin and evolution of the wheat group (the genera Aegilops, Amblyopyrum, and Triticum) in the wild and under cultivation is reviewed. Bread, still called aish today, "life", in Egyptian Arabic and the word ninda, "bread", appears on Sumerian tablets since the first invention of writing, in 3600 BC. However, no research on the dynamic evolution of these genes in domesticated species and their progenitors has been reported. For more than one century, wheat breeding has been based on science, and has been constantly evolving due to on farm agronomy and breeding program improvements. The diploid species diverged from a common ancestor, about 2–4 million years ago, presumably in the marginal Mediterranean region of Southwest Asia. The ancestral grass genome (ancestral grass karyotype (AGK)) as reported in Murat et al. Recent research suggest that T. macha origin… Wild emmer wheat (WEW), T. dicoccoides, is the progenitor of cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Plant Biologists. Within only a few millennia, wheat expanded its habitat 46 from a small core area within the Fertile Crescent to a broad spectrum of diverse 47 environments around the globe, making it the most widely grown crop in the world1,2. (Thell.) (a) Circle 1, illustration of the synteny between the, Transposable element (TE) and homoeoSNP evolutionary dynamics. It belongs to the genus Triticum of the family Poaceae (old Gramineae). The authors argued that, in Marcussen et al. The availability of such a ploidy-reversed wheat (extracted tetraploid wheat [ETW]) provides a unique opportunity to address whether and to what extent the BBAA component of bread wheat has been modified in phenotype, karyotype, and gene expression … The B subgenome in tetraploid/hexaploid wheat derived from a more ancient AncS progenitor and diverged from the modern A. speltoides AncS representative 1.15–2.7 Ma. The breakthrough of sequencing the bread wheat genome and progenitor genomes lays the foundation to decipher the complexity of wheat origin and evolutionary … The D genome of bread wheat is closer to A.t. strangulata than A.t. tauschii. Overall, based on the chromosome‐to‐chromosome synteny relationships established between the 21 bread wheat chromosomes and the rice, sorghum and Brachypodium genomes, it was then possible to produce the wheat syntenome consisting finally of 72 900 (73.4% of the 99 386 gene models) ordered genes on the 21 chromosomes (Fig. Several phylogenetic studies have tried to identify the progenitor of the B genome of polyploid wheat based on cytology (Zohary & Feldman, 1962), nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Dvorak et al., 1989; Dvorak & Zhang, 1990; Terachi et al., 1990) and chromosome rearrangement studies (Feldman, 1966a,b; Hutchinson et al., 1982; Gill & Chen, 1987; Naranjo et al., 1987; Naranjo, 1990; Jiang & Gill, 1994; Devos et al., 1995; Maestra & Naranjo, 1999). Triticum Learn about our remote access options, INRA/UBP UMR 1095 GDEC (Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals), 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont Ferrand, 63100 France, INRA UR1164 URGI (Research Unit in Genomics‐Info), Université Paris‐Saclay, Versailles, 78026 France. ancient and/or polyphyletic origins) rely on the assumption of a constant and similar evolutionary rate in the subgenomes after polyploidization so that the observed modern mutations were inherited from the progenitor(s) from the Sitopsis section, and/or gained/lost at a constant rate in the subgenomes in the course of evolution. participated in the data analysis as well as in preparation of the manuscript; R.F., L.B., M.A. (2015b), re‐evaluated the origin of hexaploid bread wheat based on the phylogenomic investigation of 20 chloroplast genomes, which are maternally inherited in this species complex. 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